![]() The Democratic Congress, in response to the peace movement led by the New Left, ordered an immediate end to the bombing raids in Cambodia, and drew up the War Powers Resolution (1973). The War Powers ResolutionĬongress responded to these events by attempting to reclaim some of the war powers it had been giving over to the president since World War II. The Pentagon Papers were published in 1971, revealing that the government had misled Congress and the public about the cause of entry into the full scope of the Vietnam War. Nixon revealed the “ Cambodian Incursion” in April of 1970 The next month, National Guardsmen at Kent State fired on unarmed students protesting the expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia, killing four and wounding nine others. News of the My Lai massacre broke in 1969. The trend of increased presidential power to make war approached a breaking point. When he was elected president, Nixon promised to end the Vietnam War, but instead he expanded it with secret bombings in Cambodia in order to bring the enemy to the negotiating table. In 1961, Kennedy sent supplies and advisors to South Vietnam in their fight against Communist North Vietnam. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon. The power to make war continued to shift from Congress to the president during the administrations of Presidents John F. Rather, declaring war came to be seen as unnecessary or inconvenient. Truman did not ask for a declaration of war, and described the troops’ mission as a “police action.” For the next several decades and beyond, the word “war” would begin to lose its precision. troops as part of a combined United Nations force defending South Korea. When Communist North Korea invaded free South Korea in 1950, Truman sent U.S. In 1947, President Harry Truman announced that the United States would assist any nation in the world that was threatened by Communism. Since World War II, the United States has never actually declared war, despite our being at near-constant war since the days of the Truman administration. In response to presidential requests, Congress has used its constitutional power to declare war five times in the nation’s history: the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Spanish-American War, World War I, and World War II. Have these been proper uses of the military? Military Force Against Foreign Enemies military forces have been deployed against Americans several times in our history without a congressional declaration of war as in the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan in the twenty-first century. In addition to these policing bodies, U.S. Is this web of agencies and organizations-all of which have surveillance and detention powers- good or bad for liberty? Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and the Transportation Safety Administration (TSA). ![]() Making these judgments is crucially important, especially as Americans are increasingly subject to law enforcement on the local level (local and county police), state level (state police, highway patrol, etc.), and by federal government agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), National Security Agency (NSA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), U.S. ![]() Is it the responsibility of free people to spread freedom around the world? What about the responsibility to, at a minimum, refrain from sustaining tyranny? Should the military ever be used against American citizens? What does commander in chief mean? As American citizens, it is our responsibility not only to stay informed about the domestic and international uses of our military, but also to make thoughtful judgments about the wisdom and prudence of each use. The Constitution gives the power of declaring war solely to Congress, while the president serves as commander in chief of the U.S. ![]()
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